When it comes to alien civilizations often do not understand the importance of taking into account their degree of evolution. In fact found to be a civilization extraterretre must send "signals". The first attempts at classification of alien civilizations (not to be confused with the contemporaneous and similar attempts to imagine alien life forms) are due to the Soviet scientist Nikolai Kardashev, who in 1964 proposed a criterion based on the ability to collect and utilize the energy produced course. It consists of three types, based on the amount of energy that civilizations have, according to an exponential rise. The existence of civilizations described is entirely hypothetical, but this scale has been used as a starting point in finding the SETI project, and is also used in science fiction. Kardashev proposed a scale with 5 steps, identified by Roman numerals I to IV, as a starting level 0. Kardashev According to a civilization could not reach a level of development without having fully deployed its potential in the previous level, in addition the transition from one level to the next would be limited by the rate of expansion of civilization in the universe, necessarily limited to values \u200b\u200blower than those of light. First, at level 0, all cultures were (Including land at the time) who were not able to exploit all the energy generated by the primary, either directly (solar energy) or indirectly (wind, tides, rivers, but also of fossil fuels). In second place, level I, they were at all the civilizations that can fully exploit all the energy generated by the sun. According to the theory of Kardashev, the Earth would reach this level of technological development around the year 2200, and the only way to achieve this effect would be to build a Dyson sphere around the Sun (or around any primary any civilization). At Level II is all civilizations spread across multiple systems stellar and able to exploit all the energy produced by all the suns of Control. According to the theory of Kardashev the Earth would reach this level of technological development in the year 5200, when he closed in many spheres of Dyson [1] all just checked:
Type I : civilization capable of using all the 'energy available from its home planet (according to calculations that had initially proposed Kardashev 4x1012 watts).
Type I : civilization capable of using all the 'energy available from its home planet (according to calculations that had initially proposed Kardashev 4x1012 watts).
Type II: civilization, gathering all the energy of the star of their own solar system (4x1026 Watts).
Type III: civilization able to use all the energy of their own galaxy (4x1037 Watts).
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Human civilization is therefore still a civilization "Type 0", since it uses only a fraction of the total energy available on Earth. According Kardashev the Earth in 1964 could feel the presence of a Type III civilization in the form of emanations of radio waves or laser beams. In 1965 he thought he had intercepted one of these signals in the radio galaxy CTA 102 and the news was published prominently by the agency Tass, but later learned that a few days before a Dutch astronomer, Maarten Schmidt had identified the signal as the issue of a quasar. Following Iosif Shklovsky, Kardashev main collaborator, came to the conclusion that a Type III civilization that can not self-extinguish, according to the concept of technological singularity. Jack Cohen and Ian Stewart have argued that if we can not understand the most advanced civilizations, we can not speculate on how they evolve. In addition, the human technological progress has depended on a succession of discoveries, sometimes unintended, such as the discovery of penicillin, and the presence of certain conditions, such as the presence of fossil fuels, which may not be universally popular. The high energies are necessary in order to be able to bridge the vast distances between stars spatiotemporal (space-time tunnels) and then a rapid transition to the acquisition of the availability of energy to higher levels. Following the sharp rise was extrapolated additional types of more advanced civilizations:
Type IV: able to control all the energy of a supercluster of galaxies (about 1046 watts).
Type V: able to have the energy of the entire visible universe (about 1056 watts). A civilization of this level is probably feasible in the theory of Frank Tipler's Omega Point.
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civilization were more advanced imagined in science fiction:
Type VI: energy level more universes (1066 watts), with the ability to alter the laws of physics on each of multiple universes.
Type VII: deity with the ability to create universes at will and use them all as energy sources (an example is given in the science fiction novel "The Last Question" by Isaac Asimov).
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extrapolating based on the current rate of growth of energy consumption worldwide, according to Michio Kaku, theoretical physicist U.S., humanity could achieve a civilization of I type around 2200, around the 5200 Type II and Type III in about 7800.
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[1] Dyson sphere?
A Dyson sphere is a coating that could be applied around a stellar body in order to capture its energy. It has been theorized by the astronomer Freeman Dyson English. In his article "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation" (Research in artificial stellar sources of infrared radiation) published in the journal Science in 1959, Dyson theorized that the technologically advanced society could completely surround its native star to maximize the capture of energy coming from abstraction. Locked up so the star, it would be possible to intercept all of the visible wavelengths to send to the interior, while not all of the radiation used would be sent out in the form of infrared radiation. At level III is the galactic civilizations, namely those able to take full advantage of all the energy produced by all the suns in a galaxy. Also according to the theory of Kardashev, the Earth could reach this level of control in a short amount of time between the year 7800 and the year 75,000 (depending on whether or not you could find a way to exceed the speed of light limit the rate of expansion of humanity in the Galaxy), always assuming that any other civilizations in the Milky Way there before humans arrived. The fourth and last step stood a hypothetical "universal civilization" that can fully exploit all the energy of the universe. The same Kardashev considered this level "unreachable", or at least certainly not achieved by any civilization (after all the Earth was not a member, and above all you could see stars shining in the sky, which meant that those stars were not surrounded by balls Dyson). Kardashev The theory was immediately subjected to two criticisms: it did not take into account technological development and the future did not take into account that in the millennia of recorded astronomical history (mainly by the Chinese) had been recorded numerous times novae and supernovae, but never "off" of a star (which could indicate the inclusion of the star in a Dyson Sphere). The years immediately following the formulation of the theory Kardashev, with the space race of the dominant powers of the time (United States of America and the Soviet Union), demonstrated unequivocally that there was no need full use of the energy of the Sun to reach other worlds of the system and even, perhaps, other stars. Of course, we now know that to create a civilization of galactic stars or sufficient amount of energy and subsequent exploitation of natural resources far below what was originally predicted.
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